Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) can drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4. They are found in gluten, such as wheat, barley, or rye ,which triggers small intestinal inflammation.
Specifically, gluten elicits and adaptive Th1-mediated immune response in people who have mutation in HLA-DQ2 ore HLA-DQ8.
ATIs engage the TLR4-MD2-CD14 complex, which will release proinflammatory cytokines in cells from celiac and nonceliac patients.
Therefore, ATI’s may fuel inflammation and immune reactions in other intestinal and nonintestinal immune disorders.